![]() ![]() It isn't bright enough to be seen in the middle of the day and the best time to view the ISS is either at dawn or dusk. The ISS is only visible because it reflects sunlight. As the ISS orbits with an inclination of 51.6 degrees, if you live beyond 51.6 degrees north or south of the equator the ISS will never appear directly overhead. The ISS zips around Earth at an average speed of 17,500 mph ( 28,000 km/h), completing 16 orbits per day. Cambridge: CUP."The International Space Station's trajectory passes over more than 90% of Earth's population," according to a statement from NASA. The English Language: Origin, history and varieties. ![]() Being a keynote Address presented at the 9th National Conference of the English Language Teachers Association of Nigeria (ELTAN), August 29 – Septemat Ken Saro-Wiwa English House, University of Port Harcourt. Multilingualism and the challenges of national development. Towards the Classification of Nigerian Pidgin English London: Longman. The Oxford companion to the English language. Washington DC: Center for Applied Linguistics. The social stratification of English in New York City. Re-reading pidgin literature: The neo-colonialist construct. A basic description and analytic treatment of noun clauses in Nigerian Pidgin. 'Nigerian Language Policy: Perspective and Prospective' J. New Englishes: A West African Perspective. The Nigerian linguistic ecology and the changing profile of Nigerian Pidgin: Language attitude and language conflict in West Africa. Cambridge: The MIT Press.īrosnahan LF (1958). The 6th edition of Linguistics: An Introduction to Language and Communication. New York: Peter Lang.Īkmajian A, Richard A, Demers A, Farmer K Robert MH (2008). Studies on their structures and functions. Socio-cultural constraints and the emergence of a Standard English. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Īkere F (1981). The conventionalization of collective behaviour in Cuba. The authors have not declared any conflict of interests.Īguirre B (1974). Generally, the entire town is Pidgin-infested, because every Tom, Dick and Harry understand it it is the common tongue of all, both the young and old rich and poor and educated and non-educated. They use pidgin to communicate to people outside their speech community, and revert to their L1 in their internal communication. The non-natives of Sapele (both adults and youths), apart from speaking Pidgin, still stick to the use of their various languages. ![]() If the older generations of this region are not careful, their languages would go into extinction, making Pidgin their L1 (that is, a creolized pidgin). Having no knowledge of their own language, they use pidgin proficiently. The very day a child is born, he or she is introduced to the language of the environment, which is Pidgin. Thus, this population does not understand or use their L1 at all. The aged and elderly natives speak Urhobo and Okpe among themselves, but not to their children, the younger population, consisting predominately of youths. It is occupied by its natives, the Okpes and Urhobos and by non-natives such as the Itsekiris, Yorubas, Hausas and Igbos. Sapele, like all other cities, has urban and rural dwellers, and like other places in Nigeria, it is a multilingual city. Sapele, is a city in Delta State, South South geopolitical zone of Nigeria. Key words: Social variations, age variation, pidgin, English-based pidgin, Langauge variance. The aim of this research is to advance studies in Nigerian Pidgin – who knows, it could evolve as the National language over time. The study compared the youthful use of Pidgin with the ways elders use Pidgin in Sapele. The crux of this study is to establish within the framework of social variation the age variation in the use of Pidgin in Sapele, Nigeria. It varies from one speech community to the other and across age, gender and socioeconomic status in Nigeria. At the era where some people are still undermining the Nigerian Pidgin (NP), it is seriously evolving with all the characteristics of every human language. Many of the indigenous languages have gone into extinction for lack of users of such languages English is the second language, occupying official status and Pidgin is widely used especially in the South- South region of Nigeria as the language of their immediate environment that satisfies their communication need, and also used for trade. Nigeria is a multilingual nation with over 450 indigenous languages, the English language and Nigerian English-based Pidgin competing over the linguistic space. ![]()
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